케네스 월츠

틀:번역필요 작업중

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인물 정보
출생	1924년 06월 08일 미시건 주 앤 아보르(Ann Arbor)
사망	2013년 5월 12일 (89세) 뉴욕
국적	미국
학력	학부 - 오벌린대학(Oberlin College) 대학원 - 컬럼비아 대학교(Columbia University)
직업	국제정치학자
배우자	헬렌 엘리자베스 린즐리(Helen Elizabeth Lindsley)

케네스 닐 월츠(Kenneth Neal Waltz)(1924년 6월 8일 ~ 2013년 5월 12일)는 미국의 정치학자로, 캘리포니아 대학교 버클리(University of California, Berkeley)와 컬럼비아 대학교(Columbia University)의 교수이자 국제정치학 분야에서 가장 저명한 학자 중 하나였다. 제2차 세계대전과 한국전쟁에 참전한 경력도 있다.

월츠는 국제정치학의 신현실주의(neorealism), 또는 구조주의적 현실주의(structural realism)이라고 불리는 학파의 창시자이다. 월츠의 이론은 국제정치학계에서 널리 논의되고 있다. 1981년에는 "핵무기의 확산"(The Spread of Nuclear Weapons)라는 논문을 통해 핵무기의 확산이 국제 평화의 가능성을 높일 것이라고 주장했다.

레슬리 겔브(Leslie H. Gelb)는 월츠가 국제정치학을 완전한 학문 분야로 완성시킨 "거인"(giants) 중 하나라고 평가했다. 컬럼비아 대학교의 동료 학자 로버트 저비스(Robert Jervis)는 월츠에 대해 "월츠가 쓴 거의 모든 것은 당시 지배적이던 생각들에 도전" 하며, "설령 그에게 동의하지 않더라도 월츠는 당신의 생각을 한 발자국 앞으로 움직여 놓는다"고 평했다.

성장기, 교육, 군생활

월츠는 1924년 6월 8일, 미시건 주 앤 아보르(Ann Arbor)에서 태어나 고등학교까지 그곳에서 다녔다. 이후 오벌린 대학(Oberlin College)에 입학했는데, 의외로 전공은 수학(!)이었다. 하지만 1944년부터 1946년 사이 제2차 세계대전이 발발하면서 군에 입대하게 되어 학업을 중단해야 했다. 한편 군에서는 이등병에서 중위까지 진급하는 위엄을 보였다.

오벌린 대학에서는 경제학으로 전공을 바꾼 뒤 1948년 학사학위를 취득했다. 대학 졸업 후에는 '파이 베타 카파 클럽'(Phi Beta Kappa)에 가입했으며, 아모스 밀러 학자(Amos Miller Scholar)로도 지명되었다.

1949년에는 "허디"(Huddie)라고 알려진 헬렌 엘리자베스 린즐리(Helen Elizabeth Lindsley)와 결혼했다. 이 부부는 슬하에 세 자녀를 두었다.

컬럼비아 대학교에서 경제학 전공으로 대학원을 다니다 정치학으로 전과했는데, 이는 정치철학이 더 흥미를 끌었기 때문이다. 이후 1950년에 석사 학위를 취득했다. 한편 1950년에는 잠시동안 오벌린 대학에서 강사로 재직하기도 했다.

미군 예비군으로서 한국전쟁에 끌려가기도 했다. 한국전쟁에서는 1951년부터 1852년까지 중위로 복무했다.

1954년에는 컬럼비아 대학교에서 박사 학위를 땄다.

경력

1953년에서 1957년 사이 월츠는 컬럼비아 대학교에서 강사, 이윽고 조교수가 되었다. 컬럼비아에서는 전쟁평화연구소(Institute of War and Peace Studies)의 초창기 멤버로 참여했는데, 1952년부터 1954년 사이에는 연구조교로, 1954년부터는 연구원으로서 근무했다. 월츠는 1957년 컬럼비아 대학교를 떠나 스워스모어 대학(Swarthmore College)의 조교수로 부임하여 1966년까지 재직했고, 그동안 정교수가 되었다. 나중에 밝힌 바에 따르면 떠난 이유는 뉴욕에서 어린 자녀를 기를 생각에 불안해서였다고(...). 그 뒤 1966년에는 브랜다이스 대학교(Brandeis University)로 잠시 옮겨 1971년까지 근무했는데, 재직 중 마지막 4년간은 국제정치학과 아들라이 E. 스티븐슨 교수(Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics chair) 재임했다. 1971년 월츠는 미 서부로 옮겨가 캘리포니아 대학교 버클리(University of California Berkeley)으로 가 정치학과 포드 교수(the Ford Professor of Political Science)로 재직하면서 20년 이상을 머물렀다.

During this time, Waltz held a number of additional research positions. He was affiliated with the Institute of War and Peace Studies through 1964. He was a fellow of Columbia University in Political Theory and International Relations during 1959–60 in London. He was a research associate at Center for International Affairs at Harvard University during 1963–64, 1968–69, and 1972. He held a National Science Foundation grant during 1968–71 to develop a theory of international politics. He was a Guggenheim Fellow for 1976–77 and a fellow at the Institute for the Study of World Politics in 1977. He was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars during 1979–80. He subsequently was a research associate with the Department of War Studies, King's College London.

Waltz taught at Peking University for two months in 1982 and later taught at Fudan University as well. He lectured at a number of institutions in the U.S., including the United States Air Force Academy, the National War College, the Army War College, and the Naval War College. Similarly, he lectured at many other institutions around the world, including the London School of Economics, the Australian National University, and the University of Bologna.

Waltz retired from his position at Berkeley and returned to Columbia University in 1997. There he became an adjunct professor as well as a senior research scholar at the Institute of War and Peace Studies.

Waltz served as Secretary of the American Political Science Association during 1966–67 and then as its President in 1987–1988. He was President of the New England Section of the International Studies Association during 1966–67. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served stints on the boards of editors of several scholarly journals ...

Levels of analysis

Waltz's initial contribution to the field of international relations was his 1959 book, Man, the State, and War, which was based upon his dissertation, which classified theories of the causes of war into three categories, or levels of analysis. Waltz refers to these levels of analysis as "images," and uses the writings of one or more classic political philosophers to outline the major points of each image. Each image is given two chapters: the first mainly uses the classical philosopher's writings to describe what that image says about the cause of war; the second usually consists of Waltz analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of that image.

The first image argues that wars are often caused by the nature of particular statesmen and political leaders such as state leaders – example like Napoleon – or by human nature more generally. This is basically consistent with Classical Realism, which dominated the International Relations discipline at the time of Man, the State, and War but which Waltz would contest more fully in his next book, Theory of International Politics.

Theories of war that fall under the rubric of Waltz's second image contend that wars are caused by the domestic makeup of states. A prime example that Waltz refers to is Lenin's theory of imperialism, which posits that the main cause of war is rooted in the need for capitalist states to continue opening up new markets in order to perpetuate their economic system at home. A more familiar example in the Western world today is the notion that non-democratic states, because of their internal composition, start wars.

Waltz next assesses the first two images as being less influential in general than the third image, yet ultimately necessary in understanding the causes of War. The third image posits that the cause of war is found at the systemic level; namely, that the anarchic structure of the international system is the root cause of war. In this context, "anarchy" is not defined as a condition of chaos or disorder but rather one in which there is no sovereign body that governs the interactions between autonomous nation-states. Put differently, unlike in domestic society where citizens can theoretically rely on law enforcement agencies to protect their persons and property, if a state is invaded and calls "911" it can't be sure anyone will answer. Similarly, whereas when two citizens have a dispute they can appeal to the courts to render a verdict and, more importantly, the law enforcement agencies to enforce the court's ruling, there is no body above nation-states that is capable of: establishing rules or laws for all the states, deciding how these apply in specific cases, and compelling the states to honor the court's ruling. As a result, if an issue at stake is important enough to a state, it can achieve a satisfactory outcome only by using its power to impose its will on another state(s). The realization that, at any point in time any state can resort to armed force, forces each state always be prepared for that contingency. These themes are fleshed out more fully in Theory of International Politics which, as the title suggests, lays out a theory for international politics as a whole rather than the narrower focus on what causes war.

Neorealism

틀:Main Waltz's key contribution to the realm of political science is in the creation of neorealism (or structural realism, as he calls it), a theory of International Relations which posits that the interaction of sovereign states can be explained by the pressures exerted on them by the anarchic structure of the international system, which limits and constrains their choices. Neorealism thus aims to explain recurring patterns in international relations, such as why relations between Sparta and Athens resembled those between the U.S. and the USSR in some important ways.

Waltz emphasizes repeatedly in this book and elsewhere that he is not creating a theory of foreign policy, which aims to explain the behavior or actions of a particular state at a specific time or throughout a period. A sizable amount of criticism of Waltz's balance-of-power theory has been made by scholars who find it unsatisfactory in explaining the foreign policy choices of particular states or in particular areas like nuclear proliferation.

Waltz argues that the world exists in a state of perpetual international anarchy. Waltz distinguishes the anarchy of the international environment from the order of the domestic one. In the domestic realm, all actors may appeal to, and be compelled by, a central authority – 'the state' or 'the government' – but in the international realm, no such source of order exists. The anarchy of international politics (its lack of a central enforcer) means that states must act in a way that ensures their security above all, or else risk falling behind. This is a fundamental fact of political life faced by democracies and dictatorships alike: except in rare cases, they cannot count on the good will of others to help them, so they must always be ready to fend for themselves. Waltz's usage of the term anarchy led to a fundamental discursive transformation in international relations, as IR scholars wrestled with Waltz's ideas. One study finds that the term "anarchy" occurred on average 6.9 times in IR books prior to 1979 but 35.5 times in IR books after 1979.

Like most neorealists, Waltz accepts that globalization is posing new challenges to states, but he does not believe states are being replaced, because no other non-state actor can equal the capabilities of the state. Waltz has suggested that globalization is a fad of the 1990s and if anything the role of the state has expanded its functions in response to global transformations.

Neorealism was Waltz's response to what he saw as the deficiencies of classical realism. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, neorealism and realism have a number of fundamental differences. The main distinction between the two theories is that classical realism puts human nature, or the urge to dominate, at the center of its explanation for war, while neorealism stakes a reduced claim on human nature and argues instead that the pressures of anarchy tend to shape outcomes more directly than the human nature of statesmen and diplomats or domestic governmental preferences.

Waltz's theory, as he explicitly makes clear in Theory of International Politics, is not a theory of foreign policy and does not attempt to predict specific state actions, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union. The theory explains only general principles of behavior that govern relations between states in an anarchic international system, rather than specific actions. These recurring principles of behavior include balancing of power (the theory was refined by Stephen Walt, modifying the "balance of power" concept to "balance of threat"), entering into individually competitive arms races, and exercising restraint in proportion to relative power. In Theory of International Politics (1979:6) Waltz suggests that explanation rather than prediction is expected from a good social science theory, since social scientists cannot run controlled experiments that give the natural sciences so much predictive power.

Bibliography

• Man, the State, and War. Columbia University Press. New York: 1959.
• Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: The American and British Experience. Little, Brown and Company. New York: 1967.
• Theory of International Politics. McGraw Hill. New York: 1979.
• The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics. University Press of America. New York: 1983. (coauthored with Robert Art).
• "Reflections on Theory of International Politics. A Response to My Critics" in: Keohane, Robert: Neorealism and Its Critics. 1986.
• The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed. W. W. Norton & Company. New York: 1995.
• Realism and International Politics. Routledge. 2008.

Review

• In Man, the State, and War, Waltz proposes a three-images view of looking at international relations behavior. The first image was the individual and human nature; the second image the nation-state, and the third image the international system.

• In Theory of International Politics, Waltz elaborates many of the core principles of neorealist international relations theory, adopting a structural perspective that sets him apart from earlier (classical) realists like E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau, and later giving rise to the Neoclassical realist movement (Randall Schweller, Fareed Zakaria, William C. Wohlforth, Thomas J. Christensen, etc.) which tries to incorporate a structural component while emphasizing the state-society relationship that mitigates structural forces. (This book also popularized the term bandwagoning.)

• In The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, Waltz argues for the virtues of a world with more nuclear weapon states because of their power in nuclear deterrence. Sagan argued against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. See nuclear peace.

Awards and honors

Waltz received the Heinz Eulau Award in 1991 for Best Article in the American Political Science Review during 1990 for "Nuclear Myths and Political Realities". He received the James Madison Award for "distinguished scholarly contributions to political science" from the American Political Science Association in 1999. The International Studies Association in 2010 named him their International Security Studies Section Distinguished Scholar.

In 2008, a conference in Waltz's honor was conducted by Aberystwyth University, titled "The King of Thought: Theory, the Subject and Waltz". It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the publication of Man, the State, and War and the 30th anniversary of Theory of International Politics.

Waltz received honorary doctorates from Copenhagen University, Oberlin College, Nankai University, and Aberystwyth University, as well as from the University of Macedonia (Greece).

Dissertation Award

The Kenneth N. Waltz Dissertation Award is a yearly award given by the American Political Science Association to the best defended dissertation on the study of international security and arms control. Students from around the country are allowed to submit their paper to the committee, which has four members. The committee accepts any style, whether its historical, quantitative, theoretical, policy analysis, etc.

함께보기

• 현실주의 (국제정치학)

참고문헌

그 외

• "Contemporary mainstream approaches: neo-realism and neo-liberalism" by Steven L. Lamy, 2001.
• "Leviathan" by Thomas Hobbes, 1651. 13장 참고.

External links

• 틀:Wikiquote-inline
• Conversations with History 2003 interview with Waltz by Harry Kreisler (video)
• Theory Talks 2011 interview with Kenneth Waltz
• Articles by Kenneth Waltz
• Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Kenneth Waltz 2011 interview with Kenneth Waltz, conducted by James Fearon (video)
• The Diplomat Interviews Kenneth Waltz on "Why Iran Should get the Bomb" 2012 interview with Waltz, conducted by Zachary Keck

각주

이 문서에는 영어판 위키백과의 Kenneth Waltz 문서를 번역한 내용이 포함되어 있습니다.