정치지리학

틀:공사 틀:번역필요 작업중 Political geography is a specific field of study within the more general field of human geography that examines how people in specific locations around the world have organized themselves into distinctive political groups, and how they influence and interact with each other. It is the study of how space is made into territory - that is to say, how political communities divide the world up between themselves. 지정학은 인문지리학의 하위분야로, 각 지역에서 고유한 정치 집단이 조직되는 과정 및 그 정치 집단 사이에서 발생하는 상호작용을 연구 대상으로 한다. 지정학은 공간(space)이 어떻게 영역(territory)으로 변화되는지를 연구한다. 즉, 정치공동체들이 서로간의 경계선을 어떻게 획정하는지를 연구하는 것이다.

It is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Conventionally political geography adopts a three-scale structure for the purposes of analysis with the study of the state at the centre, above this is the study of international relations (or geopolitics), and below it is the study of localities. The primary concerns of the sub-discipline can be summarised as the inter-relationships between people, state, and territory. 지리적으로 불균등한, 정치 과정의 결과와, 정치 과정 그 자체가 공간적 구조에 받는 영향이 지정학의 관심사이다. 전통적으로 정치지리학은 분석수준을 세 단계로 구분하는데, 그 중간은 국가(state) 수준의 분석이며, 그 상위 단계는 국제관계학 (혹은 지정학), 그리고 하위 단계가 지역성(locality, 로컬리티라고 음차하기도 한다) 분석이다. 이 분야의 일차적 관심사는 사람들(people), 국가, 영토 사이의 상호 관계로 요약할 수 있다.

역사

The origins of political geography lie in the origins of human geography itself and the early practitioners were concerned mainly with the military and political consequences of the relationships between physical geography, state territories, and state power. In particular there was a close association with regional geography, with its focus on the unique characteristics of regions, and environmental determinism with its emphasis on the influence of the physical environment on human activities. This association found expression in the work of the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel who, in 1897 in his book Politische Geographie, developed the concept of Lebensraum (living space) which explicitly linked the cultural growth of a nation with territorial expansion, and which was later used to provide academic legitimation for the imperialist expansion of the German Third Reich in the 1930s.

The British geographer Halford Mackinder was also heavily influenced by environmental determinism and in developing his concept of the 'geopolitical pivot of history' or heartland (first developed in 1904) he argued that the era of sea power was coming to an end and that land based powers were in the ascendant, and, in particular, that whoever controlled the heartland of 'Euro-Asia' would control the world. This theory involved concepts diametrically opposed to the ideas of Alfred Thayer Mahan about the significance of sea power in world conflict. The heartland theory hypothesized the possibility of a huge empire being created which didn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to supply its military industrial complex, and that this empire could not be defeated by the rest of the world allied against it. This perspective proved influential throughout the period of the Cold War, underpinning military thinking about the creation of buffer states between East and West in central Europe.

The heartland theory depicted a world divided into a Heartland (Eastern Europe/Western Russia); World Island (Eurasia and Africa); Peripheral Islands (British Isles, Japan, Indonesia and Australia) and New World (The Americas). Mackinder claimed that whoever controlled the Heartland would have control of the world. He used this warning to politically influence events such as the Treaty of Versailles, where buffer states were created between the USSR and Germany, to prevent either of them controlling the Heartland. At the same time, Ratzel was creating a theory of states based around the concepts of Lebensraum and Social Darwinism. He argued that states were analogous to 'organisms' that needed sufficient room in which to live. Both of these writers created the idea of a political and geographical science, with an objective view of the world. Pre-World War II political geography was concerned largely with these issues of global power struggles and influencing state policy, and the above theories were taken on board by German geopoliticians (see Geopolitik) such as Karl Haushofer who - perhaps inadvertently - greatly influenced Nazi political theory. A form of politics legitimated by 'scientific' theories such as a 'neutral' requirement for state expansion was very influential at this time.

The close association with environmental determinism and the freezing of political boundaries during the Cold War led to a considerable decline in the importance of political geography which was described by Brian Berry in 1968 as 'a moribund backwater'. Although in other areas of human geography a number of new approaches were invigorating research, including quantitative spatial science, behavioural studies, and structural Marxism, these were largely ignored by political geographers whose main point of reference continued to be the regional approach. As a result much political geography of this period was descriptive with little attempt to produce generalisations from the data collected. It was not until 1976 that Richard Muir could argue that political geography might not be a dead duck but could in fact be a phoenix.

연구분야

The Brandenburg Gate of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

From the late-1970s onwards, political geography has undergone a renaissance, and could fairly be described as one of the most dynamic of the sub-disciplines today. The revival was underpinned by the launch of the journal Political Geography Quarterly (and its expansion to bi-monthly production as Political Geography). In part this growth has been associated with the adoption by political geographers of the approaches taken up earlier in other areas of human geography, for example, Ron J. Johnston's (1979) work on electoral geography relied heavily on the adoption of quantitative spatial science, Robert Sack's (1986) work on territoriality was based on the behavioural approach, and Peter Taylor's (e.g. 2007) work on World Systems Theory owes much to developments within structural Marxism. However the recent growth in the vitality and importance of the sub-discipline is also related to changes in the world as a result of the end of the Cold War, including the emergence of a new world order (which as yet is only poorly defined), and the development of new research agendas, such as the more recent focus on social movements and political struggles going beyond the study of nationalism with its explicit territorial basis. Recently, too, there has been increasing interest in the geography of green politics (see, for example, David Pepper's (1996) work), including the geopolitics of environmental protest, and in the capacity of our existing state apparatus and wider political institutions to address contemporary and future environmental problems competently.

Political geography has extended the scope of traditional political science approaches by acknowledging that the exercise of power is not restricted to states and bureaucracies, but is part of everyday life. This has resulted in the concerns of political geography increasingly overlapping with those of other human geography sub-disciplines such as economic geography, and, particularly, with those of social and cultural geography in relation to the study of the politics of place (see, for example, the books by David Harvey (1996) and Joe Painter (1995)). Although contemporary political geography maintains many of its traditional concerns (see below) the multi-disciplinary expansion into related areas is part of a general process within human geography which involves the blurring of boundaries between formerly discrete areas of study, and through which the discipline as a whole is enriched.

In particular, then, modern political geography often considers:

How and why states are organized into regional groupings, both formally (e.g. the European Union) and informally (e.g. the Third World)
The relationship between states and former colonies, and how these are propagated over time, for example through neo-colonialism
The relationship between a government and its people
The relationships between states including international trades and treaties
The functions, demarcations and policing of boundaries
How imagined geographies have political implications
The influence of political power on geographical space
How Communications (telephone, radio, TV, ICT, Internet, social networks) have political implications ^[1]
The study of election results (electoral geography)

비판적 정치지리학Critical political geography

틀:See also

Critical political geography is mainly concerned with the criticism of traditional political geographies vis-a-vis modern trends. As with much of the move towards 'Critical geographies', the arguments have drawn largely from postmodern, post structural and postcolonial theories. Examples include:

Feminist geography, which argues for recognition of the power relations as patriarchal and attempts to theorise alternative conceptions of identity and identity politics. Alongside related concerns such as Queer theory and Youth studies
Postcolonial theories which recognise the Imperialistic, universalising nature of much political geography, especially in Development geography

주요 정치지리학자

틀:Div col

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함께보기

참고문헌

Claval P (1978) Espace et pouvoir, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France
Harvey D (1996) Justice, nature and the geography of difference Oxford: Blackwell ISBN 1-55786-680-5
Gottmann J (1952) La politique des États et leur géographie
Johnston RJ (1979) Political, electoral and spatial systems Oxford: Clarendon Press ISBN 0-19-874072-7
Painter J (1995) Politics, geography and 'political geography': a critical perspective London: Arnold ISBN 0-340-56735-X
Pepper D (1996) Modern environmentalism London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-05744-2
Ratzel F (1897) Politische Geographie, Munich, Oldenbourg
Sack RD (1986) Human territoriality: its theory and history Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-26614-9
Sanguin A-L & Prevelakis G (1996), 'Jean Gottmann (1915-1994), un pionnier de la géographie politique', Annales de Géographie, 105, 587. pp73–78
Taylor PJ & Flint C (2007) Political geography: world-economy, nation-state and locality Harlow: Pearson Education Lim. ISBN 0-13-196012-1

더 읽어보기

Agnew J (1997) Political geography: a reader London: Arnold ISBN 0-470-23655-8
Bakis H (1987) Géopolitique de l'information Presses Universitaires de France, Paris
Bakis H (1995) ‘Communication and Political Geography in a Changing World’ Revue Internationale de Science Politique 16 (3) pp219–311 - http://ips.sagepub.com/content/16/3.toc
Buleon P (1992) 'The state of political geography in France in the 1970s and 1980s' Progress in Human Geography 16 (1) pp24–40
Cox KR, Low M & Robinson J (2008) Handbook of Political Geography London: Sage
Short JR (1993) An introduction to political geography - 2nd edn. London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-08226-9
Spykman NJ (1944) The Geography of the Peace New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
Sutton I (1991) 'The Political Geography of Indian Country' American Indian Culture and Research Journal 15(2) pp1–169.

각주

↑ Henry Bakis (1987), (Editor, 1995)

이 문서에는 영어판 위키백과의 Political_Geography 문서를 번역한 내용이 포함되어 있습니다.

[1] Henry Bakis (1987), (Editor, 1995)

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